Course Work on Counterterrorism

Introduction The intelligence received indicates that an international terrorist group known for its hatred of capitalism and western culture is targeting a high profile location in a major United States city. This attack will be a start to a violent campaign against the United States. Though the particular time of attack is unknown, it is anticipated within the next thirty days. Risk assessment and analysis Likely targets The terrorist group is known for its hatred for western culture and capitalism. This gives a probability that the attack will target a city or part of a city in which capitalism or American culture is prominently manifested. Cities which have areas which are symbols of capitalism or liberalism have a hire risk level than ordinary cities. It is therefore important that the following cities are considered (Iyad, 1983). New York New York is considered the financial capital of the world and is the best example of capitalism in operation. Going by the terrorists’ known hatred for capitalism, New York is highly likely to be a target. Existence of what may be considered symbols of capitalism like the Wall Street and major financial organizations in the city further makes it a likely target for the attack. The statute of liberty and the Times Square may also be viewed as symbols of the western culture of liberalism and may therefore also increase the probability of an attack in the city. The large number of people in New York   and in particular the Time Square may also increase the attractiveness of the city as a target to a terrorist group which wants to record a high number of casualties in the attack. Los Angeles The city of Los Angeles is another likely target due to its symbolic prominence as a capitalist center. The existence of major corporations in the city like the Apple Company and many branches of the major global financial institutions may be viewed by the terrorists as promotion of capitalism and thus make it a target of their attacks. The movie making district of Hollywood may also be perceived by the terrorists as a promotion center for the American culture and thus increase the probability of an attack against the city. The large population in the city also increases the likelihood of an attack since it is the intention of the terrorists to inflict the highest human casualties. Washington The city of Washington, being the seat of the United States government is a likely target for the attack. The city is full of symbols which represent the American culture and it will be every terrorist’s prime targets. National monuments like the White House, the Capitol, the Washington and the Lincoln memorials are some of the likely targets in the city. Though highly unlikely, an attempt to attack the Pentagon may also be made. Any successful attack on the city of Washington will be considered a challenge to the United States which is considered the most capitalist nation in the world. It would also be a challenge to its value system and its culture. Las Vegas The gambling capital of the world is another likely target for the terrorists’ attack. There exists no greater symbol of the liberalized American culture than the city of Las Vegas. Legalized gambling and regulated prostitution are some of the reasons why an ultra conservative terrorist group with hatred for American culture may consider the city a target. The high number of tourists will provide the high human casualty for the terrorists. Other cities There exists a possibility that the terrorists may choose another major city other than the above mentioned. It is expected, however, that the terrorists will follow their ideological alignment and target cities in which there exists what may be considered prominent symbols of capitalism and the American culture and where human casualties are likely to be high. Probabilities of attack Based on the above analysis of the likely cities where the attacks can be possibly carried out, probabilities of attack can be assigned to the various cities to gauge the probable risk that each city may be bearing. New York City carries the highest risk of attack since an attack would fulfill all the goals of the terrorists of hitting on capitalism, western culture and having a higher casualty level. New York City therefore carries the highest probability of an attack by the terrorist group. Los Angeles carries the second highest probability of an attack by the terrorist group. Existence of Hollywood as part of the city increases the probability of attack since it is viewed as the place from where the United States exports its culture to the rest of the world and would therefore attract a terrorist attack meant to get back to the American culture. Areas like Disneyland where high numbers of casualties would result in case of an attack also increase the probability of an attack in the city. The National Capital ranks third in probability of an attack. This is because despite having the ideological attractiveness for the terrorist attack, the city is the seat of government and thus many of the places in the city have a higher than normal security levels. High profile officials of the government like senators and congressmen all have their own security details and this increases the probability of the terrorists attracting attention and being caught. This reduces the likelihood of an attack in Washington. Las Vegas ranks fourth in the probability of the terrorist attack. Despite the city having what may be considered thriving capitalism and the extreme of the liberal American culture, an attack would not likely satisfy the terrorists’ wish of high casualties since gambling dens in the city do not carry high numbers of people as would a busy street in New York or in Los Angeles. There exists a probability that the terrorist may attack another city other than New York, Los Angeles, Washington or Las Vegas. This probability is however small as compared to those other cities. Likely method of attack Since it is known from intelligence that the terrorists want to record a high number of casualties and dent American capitalism and culture, it is highly probable that the attack will be carried out using explosives which can cause the highest damage on property and cause the greatest loss of human life. Likely time of attack It is expected that the attack will be carried out in the next thirty days. Days on which higher numbers of people may be recorded in any of the high risk areas identified above carry higher probability of attack. This is because the targeted high casualties by the terrorists would be possible. Holidays and other special days in the cities need to have higher alert levels. Counter terrorism strategies The strategies that need to be adopted to counter this threat should be majorly pre-emptive. They should try to alleviate the terrorist threat before it occurs and possibly capture the terrorists and diffuse the whole situation. The authorities should send undercover agents to try to get more information on the pending attacks and assist in the preemption of the attacks. Informants could also be employed to deliver information on these attacks, their expected magnitude and the target areas.(Http//www.dhs.dhspublic/index.ssp) The authorities should use deterrence methods to reduce the probability of the attacks. High police and military presence in the areas with a higher probability of being attacked will act as deterrence to the terrorists. It will also increase the chances of catching the terrorists. Increased and tightened security checks in points of entry to the country and to the cities having higher probabilities of attack should also be used as a method of militating against the attacks. Points of entry like airports, roads and train stations should have increased security personnel to tighten the situation and record any strange happenings or items or even persons who may lead to the apprehension of the terrorists (Office of homeland security 1999). Authorities should use the existing infrastructure in the cities to monitor more closely the activities of individuals and groups in the cities with higher probabilities of being attacked and give reports on any exceptional happenings that may lead to the capture of the terrorists before they are able to carry out the attack. The closed circuit television cameras which exist in many parts of the cities can be used in this way. There should also be increased inter-agency communication to enable easy and fast sharing of intelligence data amongst the agencies. This will ensure that information from different agencies can be consolidated into reliable and comprehensive form which can be used in apprehending the terrorists before they carry out the attack. The department of homeland security should also increase the alert level to a critical level such as orange or red in the cities most likely to be affected and throughout the nation. This will raise the awareness among citizens and further assist since individuals will be alert for any unusual happenings and will be willing to make reports to the authorities without hesitation (King,1992). Conclusion The United States is undoubtedly a world superpower. It should not therefore, let terrorist attacks happen in its jurisdiction as much has been learnt after the September 11 attack by the Osama bin laden led al-Qaida. Measures should be taken to ensure that such plans fail and the perpetrators of this crime are punished. The United States has been at the forefront in the fight against terrorism and thus it would be shame for the terrorists to succeed in our homeland.

Ethical Decisions Regarding Sociology An Important...

Ethical Decisions Regarding Sociology Sociologists create an important aspect of society, as they study and research different behavioral trend and norms to understand how society functions. They conduct research and surveys to gain knowledge about the subjects they are studying. This can range from a variety of environments from government social work to the medical profession. When conducting these studies it is important for sociologists to hold to a standard of ethics that guards and protects the participant’s and researchers involved. The Following examines an ethical issue, and delineates a moral response from two ethical viewpoints, as well as, a perspective from the American Sociological Association in order provide an appropriate and moral response to this scenario. Many times the work of a sociologist is involved in the medical field. As ethics and moral issues arise in the treatment of patient’s, sociologists have studied and provided standards in order for h ospitals to conduct themselves in a moral manner. â€Å"A good deal of medical ethics is based on consequentialist claims that social scientists are well equipped to assess† (Zussman, 2000: p 9). Within this environment, say a sociologist is studying the amount of time a Doctor spends treating a patient, as it is important to providing a proper diagnosis. However due to the increased number of patients the hospital admits, the sociologist notices the Doctor spending less time with more patients and moreShow MoreRelatedSociological Knowledge in Nursing Essays1301 Words   |  6 PagesSociology is the study of human social behavior, communities and society. It involves the evolution of society and human behavior and it focuses on how society can change human behavior based on interaction with each other (Bennett, B., 2009 p.2). 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Egyptians Free Essays

Medicine The three best-known works dealing with medical issues are the Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE), the Edwin Smith Papyrus (c. 1600 BCE), and the London Medical Papyrus (c. We will write a custom essay sample on Egyptians or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1629 BCE) all of which, to one degree or another, prescribe the use of spells in treating diseases while at the same time exhibiting a significant degree of medical knowledge. The Edwin Smith Papyrus is the oldest known work on surgical techniques and is thought to have been written for triage surgeons in field hospitals. This work shows detailed knowledge of anatomy and physiology. The Egyptians were also quite fluent in the surgical field. And preserved dead bodies using chemicals in a process called embalming. It would only be fair if Egyptian given the title â€Å"Father of Medical Science. In the early 20th century a man named Sir Grafton Elliot Smith discoverd fractures from about 5,000 years that had healed properly as a result of the Egyptian’s medical care. The skeletons of Ancient Egyptians show they long ago learned how to splint bones so they would heal nicely after being broken. Even modern medical journals have acknowledged this major contribution of the Egyptians. They would create splints out of bark cushioning them with linen. The Egyptians discovered antibiotics as well, priest doctors were using moldy bread as antibiotic, thousands of years before Andrew Fleming, according to Mark Nelson an editor of Tetracyclines in Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine. Ancient Egyptians also discovered how to treat worms in a most natural way. Using pomegranate which because of it’s high tannin content has the ability to paralyze worms, this method was still very common in medical practice afterwards for quite some time. The Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus, prescribes cannabis for cancer patients The Egyptians called the science of medicine the â€Å"necessary art† The Berlin Medical Papyrus (also known as the Brugsch Papyrus, dated to the New Kingdom, c. 1570 – c. 1069 BCE) deals with contraception, fertility, and includes the earliest known pregnancy tests. The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE) treats cancer (for which, it says, there is no treatment), heart disease, diabetes, birth control, and depression. The Edwin Smith Papyrus (c. 1600 BCE) is the oldest work on surgical techniques. The Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden (c. 3rd century CE) is devoted entirely to magical spells and divination. The Hearst Medical Papyrus (dated to the New Kingdom) treats urinary tract infections and digestive problems. The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus (c. 1800 BCE) deals with conception and pregnancy issues as well as contraception. The London Medical Papyrus (c. 1782-1570 BCE) offers prescriptions for issues related to the eyes, skin, burns, and pregnancy. Doctors in Ancient Egypt were required to be literate but also practice cleanliness and they did so vigorously. Doctors were referred to as wabau, ritually pure and expected to bate as frequently and carefully as a high priest. Ancient Egyptians valued cleanliness. The chances of survival following medical procedures was probably higher than that of any European hospital in the Christian era until the mid-20th century when cleanliness and the sterilizatio of instruments became more prevalent. There is evidence of tooth extraction and false teeth with opium used as an anaesthetic. A lot of the instruments we use in the surgical field today were invented by the Egyptians. For example they had a flint and a metal scalpel, dental pliers, a bone saw, probes, the cathether, clamps for stopping blood flow, specula, forceps, lancets for opening veins, sponges, scissors, phials, bandages of linen, and scales to weigh an accurate amount of raw materials to mix medicines Surgeries were usually successful shown by the mummies and other miscellaneous remains found of those who lived after amputations and even brain surgery for years Prosthetic limbs, made usually of wood, have also been found. The Ancient Egyptians were quite educated in the means of anatomy mostly because of their embalming process in which they practiced the removal of human organs. It is said because they were so exceptional in their understanding of the human body, diseases. And maladies even the Greek were envious of their expertise Astrology The calendar that we still use today is primarily built off of the Egyptians calendar, which was based on the cycle of the star Sirius, using the principles of astronomy they developed an accurate calendar divided into 12 months, 365 days, and 24- hour units. Doesn’t that sound familiar. They divided the year into three seasons each consisting of 120 days. Each season was divided into four months of 30 days including a month with 5 epagomenal days treated as outside of the year proper. The Ancient Egyptians were able to predict solar and lunar eclipses, flood in the Nile river, if it was time to sow seeds and many other things. They also knew the movement of planets and stars. Mathematics The original pyramids are more than enough evidence to prove the very advanced mathematical skill of the Egyptians. The construction of these phenomenon required ample knowledge of mathematics, specifically geometry. Mathematics was used in record keeping, such as business transactions,to calculate tax rates, in developing the schematics for machines, like the water pump, and in drawing up designs and siting locations for building projects. But not everything mathematics was used for was complicated it was also used for simple things such as writing prescriptions or patients or mixing the components for a medicine. The ramp and the lever are two of the most famous inventions developed for construction by the egyptians and were mandatory in the contructions of architecture like the Great Pyramid of Giza. The principles that guided them are still greatly utilized in modern construction today. Inventions They developed time keeping devices such as sundials, shadow clocks, obelisks, and even evidence of water clocks They used their knowledge in the science of aerodynamics to contruct ships that were able to catch the wind and push vessels through water. The also invented the concept of using rope trusses to strenghten the beams of their ships and were the first to use stem- mounted rudders on ships The Egyptians invented toothpaste and toothbrushes in order to care for their teeth The Egyptians invented mints to cover bad breath The Egyptians invented chewing gum for bad breath using honey, cinnamon, myrrh, frankincinse, and pigno They had invented plough and hoe The Egyptians were the father of ‘Historiography’. The historians accompanied the Pharaoes to the battle field and recorded their achievements. The ‘Rosetta stone’ is its classic example. Agriculture They had invented plough and hoe. How to cite Egyptians, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility in Mechanism

Question: Discuss ab out the Corporate Social Responsibility in Mechanism. Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility is a mechanism which helps the business in ensuring and monitoring the law and ethical requirements. Green washing is adopting practice of doing deceptive advertising. Green washing is one of the issues of corporate governance issues. There can be issues in corporate governance like: relationship between the board, agent and principle relationship where the relationship is defined between the manager and the employees is described, the rules and regulations compliances, the conflicts and cases filed against the company. The good governance is depicted by the company image in the minds of the consumer, its conflicts, strikes, the shareholders views about the company. The corporate governance responsibility is legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, economic responsibility and philanthropic responsibility. Green washing Greenwashing is a practice adopted by the companies who want to promote their brand by looking environment friendly comparing with what they are in real. It is usually done by investing more time, efforts and money or advertising their products as green or sustainable product (Aggarwal Kadyan, 2014). With the advancement in industrialization and globalization, it has created an adverse result on the environment by ozone layer depletion, environment pollution, global warming. This laid the concept of corporate social responsibility of the organization or company towards the society and environment. In case of green consumers, they usually prefer those companies goods and services who promote green marketing. Hence the companies who are want to capture more consumers and want to target niche market based on niche consumer, company sometimes adopt a practice of doing deceptive advertising. There are not any specific rules and regulations for green washing, because of this green washing practices are adopted universally. Hence there are some suggestions for the customer that they should conduct a proper research from the companys website if they see words like natural, pure, eco friendly etc., customer needs to look on documents and evidences that whether the company is adopting the practices it has mentioned or not. In case of company it is suggested that they should promote their brand in a righteous way rather than a deceptive way. All the instructions and ingredients should be clear and easy to understand so that the final user may not get confused with the perceived quality of the brand. Corporate social responsibility CSR is a practice adopted by the organization who wants to look responsive towards stakeholders that are society, government, employees, and environment. I agree to the point that CSR is beyond green washing. Apart from green washing a company must have commitment to the following: Legal responsibility: it is a duty which is to be complied before implementing actions. Following the rules and regulations is legal responsibility. Economic responsibility: the main objective of an organization is to make profit. But it is the duty of an organization to return the profit by whom it was able to earn it. And in case of public or nonprofit organization if they are earning profit, they must reinvest it into the company. Ethical responsibility: although the ultimate objective of an organization is to make profit, but that should be done by doing welfare of it stakeholders and environment keeping in mind. There should be everyones welfare. Philanthropic responsibility: it is the social responsibility of an organization towards the welfare of it employees, environment, doing charity to other organization. According to FTSE 100 Green winners Green washers survey, companies promote their product by green marketing but in reality they have no interest in going green. While the organizations in UK like HSBC, Marks Spencer were considered as green winners for their efforts. Whereas BP, Tesco, British Airways were considered as green washing their brand in the minds of the public. The concept of green washing if caught can sometimes destroy the image of the company as a whole (Aggarwal Kadyan, 2014). The CSR practice is usually adopted by the large MNCs, because they lay impact on the environment, society and economy. According to CSR practices companies should be committed towards the creation of shareholder value, human rights, and labor rights. Sometimes value addition in the shareholder value is misunderstood with CSR. But they mean differently, CSR is a broader concept whereas increasing in the shareholders value is a part of CSR. A good implementation of CSR results into lowering civil and criminal proceedings against the company ( Mares, 2008). The government and regulators addresses corporate governance by following things: Relationship between capital market and corporate governance: this presents the role of equity and debt structure, areas from where major funds are raised. Corporate governance and regulatory environment: here the elements of internal trading, laws that have been developed are evaluated. Corporate governance and stakeholder engagement: This aspect highlights the awareness of investors issues like social, environmental and ethical that may affect on long term sustainability of business (Tourani Ingly, 2011). There are various issues apart from green washing that are described as below: Duties of directors: the corporate governance aim is to make the duties as statutory and lawful, which are in the best interest of the company. Remuneration and reward of directors: sometimes directors are paid in extra and bonuses are given. This lays the emphasis of issue on corporate governance. Reliability of financial reporting and external auditors: this is a critical issue raised by the investors, because of the management accountability consideration. Shareholders rights and responsibilities: investors should be provided all the information that seems relevant to them. Composition and balance of the board: scandals usually place when there the board has one senior executive. Because it may happen that the single director get biased, or establishes his own interest. And if there are more than one director in the board there would be lack of formal relationships, and decision would be taken on the basis of personal recommendation. Hence there should be balance in the board having required talent, competency and skills. Boards responsibility for risk management and internal control: if there would not be regular meetings, the board would not be able to get the full information and therefore will not be able to oversee the business aspects. Corporate social responsibility and business ethics: there should be sense of responsibility and mutual decision between the shareholders and board (Hub pages,2014). Conclusion Some critics claim that corporate governance is more than green washing. And per the essay it is true that corporate governance issues are far away than green washing. Green washing is presenting the company product and services as they are eco friendly but in reality the company is not adopting such practices that mean the company is using deceptive advertising. That can lead to adverse situation if being caught. Hence as per discussion in essay it can be said that there are more issue apart from green washing. References: Aggarwal,P Kadyan,A,.(2014), Green washing: The darker side of CSR, accessed at 28/12/2016, viewed at https://www.worldwidejournals.com/indian-journal-of-applied-research-(IJAR)/file.php?val=March_2014_1393845868_38326_20.pdf Bara,C,.2010, Corporate social responsibility international development, Hamburg Brusseau.J,.2016, The Business Ethics Workshop, V.1.0, Flat world education Inc Hopkins,M,.2007,Corporate social responsibility, Earthscan, London Hub pages,2014, issues in corporate governance, accessed on 28-december-2016, viewed at https://hubpages.com/money/CorporateGovernanceissues Mares,R,.2008, The dynamics of corporate social responsibilities, volume (33), martinus publishers, Boston Mullerat,R,.2011 ,Corporate social responsibility: the corporate governance of the 21st century, kluwer law international, The Netherlands Pillay, R,.2015 ,The changing nature of corporate social responsibility, Routledge, New York Tourani,A Ingly,C,. 2011, Handbook on emerging issues in corporate governance, Singapore Vertigans,S Ldowu,S,O,. 2016, Corporate social responsibility academic insights and impacts, Springer, Switzerland